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bors 5366cfecf3 auto merge of #17438 : alexcrichton/rust/string-stable, r=aturon # Rationale When dealing with strings, many functions deal with either a `char` (unicode codepoint) or a byte (utf-8 encoding related). There is often an inconsistent way in which methods are referred to as to whether they contain "byte", "char", or nothing in their name. There are also issues open to rename all methods to reflect that they operate on utf8 encodings or bytes (e.g. utf8_len() or byte_len()). The current state of String seems to largely be what is desired, so this PR proposes the following rationale for methods dealing with bytes or characters: > When constructing a string, the input encoding must be mentioned (e.g. > from_utf8). This makes it clear what exactly the input type is expected to be > in terms of encoding. > > When a method operates on anything related to an index within the string > such as length, capacity, position, etc, the method implicitly operates on > bytes. It is an understood fact that String is a utf-8 encoded string, and > burdening all methods with "bytes" would be redundant. > > When a method operates on the contents of a string, such as push() or pop(), > then "char" is the default type. A String can loosely be thought of as being a > collection of unicode codepoints, but not all collection-related operations > make sense because some can be woefully inefficient. # Method stabilization The following methods have been marked #[stable] * The String type itself * String::new * String::with_capacity * String::from_utf16_lossy * String::into_bytes * String::as_bytes * String::len * String::clear * String::as_slice The following methods have been marked #[unstable] * String::from_utf8 - The error type in the returned `Result` may change to provide a nicer message when it's `unwrap()`'d * String::from_utf8_lossy - The returned `MaybeOwned` type still needs stabilization * String::from_utf16 - The return type may change to become a `Result` which includes more contextual information like where the error occurred. * String::from_chars - This is equivalent to iter().collect(), but currently not as ergonomic. * String::from_char - This method is the equivalent of Vec::from_elem, and has been marked #[unstable] becuase it can be seen as a duplicate of iterator-based functionality as well as possibly being renamed. * String::push_str - This can be emulated with .extend(foo.chars()), but is less efficient because of decoding/encoding. Due to the desire to minimize API surface this may be able to be removed in the future for something possibly generic with no loss in performance. * String::grow - This is a duplicate of iterator-based functionality, which may become more ergonomic in the future. * String::capacity - This function was just added. * String::push - This function was just added. * String::pop - This function was just added. * String::truncate - The failure conventions around String methods and byte indices isn't totally clear at this time, so the failure semantics and return value of this method are subject to change. * String::as_mut_vec - the naming of this method may change. * string::raw::* - these functions are all waiting on [an RFC][2] [2]: rust-lang/rfcs#240 The following method have been marked #[experimental] * String::from_str - This function only exists as it's more efficient than to_string(), but having a less ergonomic function for performance reasons isn't the greatest reason to keep it around. Like Vec::push_all, this has been marked experimental for now. The following methods have been #[deprecated] * String::append - This method has been deprecated to remain consistent with the deprecation of Vec::append. While convenient, it is one of the only functional-style apis on String, and requires more though as to whether it belongs as a first-class method or now (and how it relates to other collections). * String::from_byte - This is fairly rare functionality and can be emulated with str::from_utf8 plus an assert plus a call to to_string(). Additionally, String::from_char could possibly be used. * String::byte_capacity - Renamed to String::capacity due to the rationale above. * String::push_char - Renamed to String::push due to the rationale above. * String::pop_char - Renamed to String::pop due to the rationale above. * String::push_bytes - There are a number of `unsafe` functions on the `String` type which allow bypassing utf-8 checks. These have all been deprecated in favor of calling `.as_mut_vec()` and then operating directly on the vector returned. These methods were deprecated because naming them with relation to other methods was difficult to rationalize and it's arguably more composable to call .as_mut_vec(). * String::as_mut_bytes - See push_bytes * String::push_byte - See push_bytes * String::pop_byte - See push_bytes * String::shift_byte - See push_bytes # Reservation methods This commit does not yet touch the methods for reserving bytes. The methods on Vec have also not yet been modified. These methods are discussed in the upcoming [Collections reform RFC][1] [1]: https://github.com/aturon/rfcs/blob/collections-conventions/active/0000-collections-conventions.md#implicit-growth		2014-09-24 14:00:57 +00:00
man	mk: Update how the build deals with version labels. #16677	2014-09-15 16:25:20 -07:00
mk	auto merge of #17463 : oskchaitanya/rust/master, r=alexcrichton	2014-09-24 09:40:52 +00:00
src	auto merge of #17438 : alexcrichton/rust/string-stable, r=aturon	2014-09-24 14:00:57 +00:00
.gitattributes	webfonts: proper fix	2014-07-08 20:29:36 +02:00
.gitignore	gitignore: Add the autogenerated/downloaded unicode data files.	2014-08-03 17:32:53 +10:00
.gitmodules	add back jemalloc to the tree	2014-05-10 19:58:17 -04:00
.mailmap
.travis.yml	travis: Move from travis_wait to time-passes	2014-07-01 20:21:16 -07:00
AUTHORS.txt	Updated release notes for 0.11.0	2014-06-30 07:25:58 -07:00
configure	Fix detection of win32 triple	2014-09-19 09:06:25 -07:00
CONTRIBUTING.md	Update CONTRIBUTING.md with new issues policy	2014-09-22 12:46:24 +12:00
COPYRIGHT
LICENSE-APACHE
LICENSE-MIT	Change the licence holder to The Rust Project Developers	2014-05-03 23:59:24 +02:00
Makefile.in	enable jemalloc debugging in unoptimized builds	2014-09-07 14:23:48 -04:00
README.md	Replace the Tutorial with the Guide.	2014-09-11 16:21:32 -04:00
RELEASES.txt	Update RELEASES.txt	2014-07-05 00:22:59 -04:00

README.md

The Rust Programming Language

This is a compiler for Rust, including standard libraries, tools and documentation.

Quick Start

Download a binary installer for your platform.
Read the guide.
Enjoy!

Note: Windows users can read the detailed getting started notes on the wiki.

Building from Source

Make sure you have installed the dependencies:
- g++ 4.7 or clang++ 3.x
- python 2.6 or later (but not 3.x)
- perl 5.0 or later
- GNU make 3.81 or later
- curl
- git
Download and build Rust:

You can either download a tarball or build directly from the repo.

To build from the tarball do:
```
 $ curl -O https://static.rust-lang.org/dist/rust-nightly.tar.gz
 $ tar -xzf rust-nightly.tar.gz
 $ cd rust-nightly
```
Or to build from the repo do:
```
 $ git clone https://github.com/rust-lang/rust.git
 $ cd rust
```
Now that you have Rust's source code, you can configure and build it:
```
 $ ./configure
 $ make && make install
```
Note: You may need to use sudo make install if you do not normally have permission to modify the destination directory. The install locations can be adjusted by passing a --prefix argument to configure. Various other options are also supported, pass --help for more information on them.

When complete, make install will place several programs into /usr/local/bin: rustc, the Rust compiler, and rustdoc, the API-documentation tool.
Read the guide.
Enjoy!

Building on Windows

To easily build on windows we can use MSYS2:

Grab the latest MSYS2 installer and go through the installer.
Now from the MSYS2 terminal we want to install the mingw64 toolchain and the other tools we need.
```
 $ pacman -S mingw-w64-i686-toolchain
 $ pacman -S base-devel
```
With that now start mingw32_shell.bat from where you installed MSYS2 (i.e. C:\msys).
From there just navigate to where you have Rust's source code, configure and build it:
```
 $ ./configure
 $ make && make install
```

Notes

Since the Rust compiler is written in Rust, it must be built by a precompiled "snapshot" version of itself (made in an earlier state of development). As such, source builds require a connection to the Internet, to fetch snapshots, and an OS that can execute the available snapshot binaries.

Snapshot binaries are currently built and tested on several platforms:

Windows (7, 8, Server 2008 R2), x86 only
Linux (2.6.18 or later, various distributions), x86 and x86-64
OSX 10.7 (Lion) or greater, x86 and x86-64

You may find that other platforms work, but these are our officially supported build environments that are most likely to work.

Rust currently needs about 1.5 GiB of RAM to build without swapping; if it hits swap, it will take a very long time to build.

There is a lot more documentation in the wiki.

Getting help and getting involved

The Rust community congregates in a few places:

StackOverflow - Get help here.
/r/rust - General discussion.
discuss.rust-lang.org - For development of the Rust language itself.

License

Rust is primarily distributed under the terms of both the MIT license and the Apache License (Version 2.0), with portions covered by various BSD-like licenses.