Part of #68490.
Care has been taken to leave the old consts where appropriate, for testing backcompat regressions, module shadowing, etc. The intrinsics docs were accidentally referring to some methods on f64 as std::f64, which I changed due to being contrary with how we normally disambiguate the shadow module from the primitive. In one other place I changed std::u8 to std::ops since it was just testing path handling in macros.
For places which have legitimate uses of the old consts, deprecated attributes have been optimistically inserted. Although currently unnecessary, they exist to emphasize to any future deprecation effort the necessity of these specific symbols and prevent them from being accidentally removed.
Refactor IntErrorKind to avoid "underflow" terminology
This PR is a continuation of #76455
# Changes
- `Overflow` renamed to `PosOverflow` and `Underflow` renamed to `NegOverflow` after discussion in #76455
- Changed some of the parsing code to return `InvalidDigit` rather than `Empty` for strings "+" and "-". https://users.rust-lang.org/t/misleading-error-in-str-parse-for-int-types/49178
- Carry the problem `char` with the `InvalidDigit` variant.
- Necessary changes were made to the compiler as it depends on `int_error_matching`.
- Redid tests to match on specific errors.
r? ```@KodrAus```
