Make pgbench use erand48() rather than random().

glibc renders random() thread-safe by wrapping a futex lock around it;
testing reveals that this limits the performance of pgbench on machines
with many CPU cores.  Rather than switching to random_r(), which is
only available on GNU systems and crashes unless you use undocumented
alchemy to initialize the random state properly, switch to our built-in
implementation of erand48(), which is both thread-safe and concurrent.

Since the list of reasons not to use the operating system's erand48()
is getting rather long, rename ours to pg_erand48() (and similarly
for our implementations of lrand48() and srand48()) and just always
use those.  We were already doing this on Cygwin anyway, and the
glibc implementation is not quite thread-safe, so pgbench wouldn't
be able to use that either.

Per discussion with Tom Lane.

configure

@@ -20493,8 +20493,7 @@ LIBS=`echo "$LIBS" | sed -e 's/-ledit//g' -e 's/-lreadline//g'`
 
 
 
-
+for ac_func in crypt getopt getrusage inet_aton random rint srandom strdup strerror strlcat strlcpy strtol strtoul
-for ac_func in crypt erand48 getopt getrusage inet_aton random rint srandom strdup strerror strlcat strlcpy strtol strtoul
 do
 as_ac_var=`$as_echo "ac_cv_func_$ac_func" | $as_tr_sh`
 { $as_echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_func" >&5
@@ -21010,17 +21009,6 @@ esac
 
 fi
 
-# Cygwin's erand48() is broken (always returns zero) in some releases,
-# so force use of ours.
-if test "$PORTNAME" = "cygwin"; then
-  case " $LIBOBJS " in
-  *" erand48.$ac_objext "* ) ;;
-  *) LIBOBJS="$LIBOBJS erand48.$ac_objext"
- ;;
-esac
-
-fi
-
 # Win32 support
 if test "$PORTNAME" = "win32"; then
 

configure.in

@@ -1311,7 +1311,7 @@ fi
 pgac_save_LIBS="$LIBS"
 LIBS=`echo "$LIBS" | sed -e 's/-ledit//g' -e 's/-lreadline//g'`
 
-AC_REPLACE_FUNCS([crypt erand48 getopt getrusage inet_aton random rint srandom strdup strerror strlcat strlcpy strtol strtoul])
+AC_REPLACE_FUNCS([crypt getopt getrusage inet_aton random rint srandom strdup strerror strlcat strlcpy strtol strtoul])
 
 case $host_os in
 
@@ -1362,12 +1362,6 @@ if test "$PORTNAME" = "win32"; then
   AC_LIBOBJ(getopt_long)
 fi
 
-# Cygwin's erand48() is broken (always returns zero) in some releases,
-# so force use of ours.
-if test "$PORTNAME" = "cygwin"; then
-  AC_LIBOBJ(erand48)
-fi
-
 # Win32 support
 if test "$PORTNAME" = "win32"; then
   AC_REPLACE_FUNCS(gettimeofday)

contrib/pgbench/pgbench.c

@@ -198,6 +198,7 @@ typedef struct
 	instr_time	start_time;		/* thread start time */
 	instr_time *exec_elapsed;	/* time spent executing cmds (per Command) */
 	int		   *exec_count;		/* number of cmd executions (per Command) */
+	unsigned short random_state[3]; /* separate randomness for each thread */
 } TState;
 
 #define INVALID_THREAD		((pthread_t) 0)
@@ -380,13 +381,18 @@ usage(const char *progname)
 
 /* random number generator: uniform distribution from min to max inclusive */
 static int
-getrand(int min, int max)
+getrand(TState *thread, int min, int max)
 {
 	/*
 	 * Odd coding is so that min and max have approximately the same chance of
 	 * being selected as do numbers between them.
+	 *
+	 * pg_erand48() is thread-safe and concurrent, which is why we use it
+	 * rather than random(), which in glibc is non-reentrant, and therefore
+	 * protected by a mutex, and therefore a bottleneck on machines with many
+	 * CPUs.
 	 */
-	return min + (int) (((max - min + 1) * (double) random()) / (MAX_RANDOM_VALUE + 1.0));
+	return min + (int) ((max - min + 1) * pg_erand48(thread->random_state));
 }
 
 /* call PQexec() and exit() on failure */
@@ -901,7 +907,7 @@ top:
 		if (commands[st->state] == NULL)
 		{
 			st->state = 0;
-			st->use_file = getrand(0, num_files - 1);
+			st->use_file = getrand(thread, 0, num_files - 1);
 			commands = sql_files[st->use_file];
 		}
 	}
@@ -1068,9 +1074,9 @@ top:
 			}
 
 #ifdef DEBUG
-			printf("min: %d max: %d random: %d\n", min, max, getrand(min, max));
+			printf("min: %d max: %d random: %d\n", min, max, getrand(thread, min, max));
 #endif
-			snprintf(res, sizeof(res), "%d", getrand(min, max));
+			snprintf(res, sizeof(res), "%d", getrand(thread, min, max));
 
 			if (!putVariable(st, argv[0], argv[1], res))
 			{
@@ -2242,6 +2248,9 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 		thread->tid = i;
 		thread->state = &state[nclients / nthreads * i];
 		thread->nstate = nclients / nthreads;
+		thread->random_state[0] = random();
+		thread->random_state[1] = random();
+		thread->random_state[2] = random();
 
 		if (is_latencies)
 		{
@@ -2384,7 +2393,7 @@ threadRun(void *arg)
 		Command   **commands = sql_files[st->use_file];
 		int			prev_ecnt = st->ecnt;
 
-		st->use_file = getrand(0, num_files - 1);
+		st->use_file = getrand(thread, 0, num_files - 1);
 		if (!doCustom(thread, st, &result->conn_time, logfile))
 			remains--;			/* I've aborted */
 
@@ -2583,17 +2592,6 @@ pthread_create(pthread_t *thread,
 	if (duration > 0)
 		setalarm(duration);
 
-	/*
-	 * Set a different random seed in each child process.  Otherwise they all
-	 * inherit the parent's state and generate the same "random" sequence. (In
-	 * the threaded case, the different threads will obtain subsets of the
-	 * output of a single random() sequence, which should be okay for our
-	 * purposes.)
-	 */
-	INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(start_time);
-	srandom(((unsigned int) INSTR_TIME_GET_MICROSEC(start_time)) +
-			((unsigned int) getpid()));
-
 	ret = start_routine(arg);
 	write(th->pipes[1], ret, sizeof(TResult));
 	close(th->pipes[1]);

src/backend/optimizer/geqo/geqo_random.c

@@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ geqo_rand(PlannerInfo *root)
 {
 	GeqoPrivateData *private = (GeqoPrivateData *) root->join_search_private;
 
-	return erand48(private->random_state);
+	return pg_erand48(private->random_state);
 }

src/backend/optimizer/geqo/geqo_selection.c

@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ geqo_selection(PlannerInfo *root, Chromosome *momma, Chromosome *daddy,
 	 * Ensure we have selected different genes, except if pool size is only
 	 * one, when we can't.
 	 *
-	 * This code has been observed to hang up in an infinite loop when the
+	 * This code was observed to hang up in an infinite loop when the
-	 * platform's implementation of erand48() is broken.  We consider that a
+	 * platform's implementation of erand48() was broken.  We now always
-	 * feature: it lets you know you'd better fix the random-number generator.
+	 * use our own version.
 	 */
 	if (pool->size > 1)
 	{

src/include/optimizer/geqo.h

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ extern double Geqo_seed;		/* 0 .. 1 */
 typedef struct
 {
 	List	   *initial_rels;	/* the base relations we are joining */
-	unsigned short random_state[3];		/* state for erand48() */
+	unsigned short random_state[3];		/* state for pg_erand48() */
 } GeqoPrivateData;
 
 

src/include/pg_config.h.in

@@ -149,9 +149,6 @@
 /* Define to 1 if you have the <editline/readline.h> header file. */
 #undef HAVE_EDITLINE_READLINE_H
 
-/* Define to 1 if you have the `erand48' function. */
-#undef HAVE_ERAND48
-
 /* Define to 1 if you have the `ERR_set_mark' function. */
 #undef HAVE_ERR_SET_MARK
 

src/include/port.h

@@ -380,12 +380,9 @@ extern off_t ftello(FILE *stream);
 #endif
 #endif
 
-#ifndef HAVE_ERAND48
+extern double pg_erand48(unsigned short xseed[3]);
-/* we assume all of these are present or missing together */
+extern long pg_lrand48(void);
-extern double erand48(unsigned short xseed[3]);
+extern void pg_srand48(long seed);
-extern long lrand48(void);
-extern void srand48(long seed);
-#endif
 
 #ifndef HAVE_FSEEKO
 #define fseeko(a, b, c) fseek(a, b, c)

src/port/Makefile

@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ include $(top_builddir)/src/Makefile.global
 override CPPFLAGS := -I$(top_builddir)/src/port -DFRONTEND $(CPPFLAGS)
 LIBS += $(PTHREAD_LIBS)
 
-OBJS = $(LIBOBJS) chklocale.o dirmod.o exec.o inet_net_ntop.o noblock.o \
+OBJS = $(LIBOBJS) chklocale.o dirmod.o erand48.o exec.o inet_net_ntop.o \
-	path.o pgcheckdir.o pgmkdirp.o pgsleep.o pgstrcasecmp.o \
+	noblock.o path.o pgcheckdir.o pgmkdirp.o pgsleep.o pgstrcasecmp.o \
 	qsort.o qsort_arg.o sprompt.o thread.o
 
 # foo_srv.o and foo.o are both built from foo.c, but only foo.o has -DFRONTEND

src/port/erand48.c

@@ -2,10 +2,14 @@
  *
  * erand48.c
  *
- * This file supplies versions of erand48(), lrand48(), and srand48()
+ * This file supplies pg_erand48(), pg_lrand48(), and pg_srand48(), which
- * for machines that lack them.  (These are all the members of the drand48
+ * are just like erand48(), lrand48(), and srand48() except that we use
- * family that Postgres currently requires.  We name the file after erand48
+ * our own implementation rather than the one provided by the operating
- * because that is the one that configure tests for.)
+ * system.  We used to test for an operating system version rather than
+ * unconditionally using our own, but (1) some versions of Cygwin have a
+ * buggy erand48() that always returns zero and (2) as of 2011, glibc's
+ * erand48() is strangely coded to be almost-but-not-quite thread-safe,
+ * which doesn't matter for the backend but is important for pgbench.
  *
  *
  * Copyright (c) 1993 Martin Birgmeier
@@ -72,7 +76,7 @@ _dorand48(unsigned short xseed[3])
 
 
 double
-erand48(unsigned short xseed[3])
+pg_erand48(unsigned short xseed[3])
 {
 	_dorand48(xseed);
 	return ldexp((double) xseed[0], -48) +
@@ -81,14 +85,14 @@ erand48(unsigned short xseed[3])
 }
 
 long
-lrand48(void)
+pg_lrand48(void)
 {
 	_dorand48(_rand48_seed);
 	return ((long) _rand48_seed[2] << 15) + ((long) _rand48_seed[1] >> 1);
 }
 
 void
-srand48(long seed)
+pg_srand48(long seed)
 {
 	_rand48_seed[0] = RAND48_SEED_0;
 	_rand48_seed[1] = (unsigned short) seed;

src/port/random.c

@@ -21,5 +21,5 @@
 long
 random()
 {
-	return lrand48();
+	return pg_lrand48();
 }

src/port/srandom.c

@@ -21,5 +21,5 @@
 void
 srandom(unsigned int seed)
 {
-	srand48((long int) seed);
+	pg_srand48((long int) seed);
 }